{"id":2737,"date":"2020-07-01T08:25:57","date_gmt":"2020-07-01T04:55:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/?p=2737"},"modified":"2023-03-05T16:56:34","modified_gmt":"2023-03-05T13:26:34","slug":"top-100-linux-questions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627: \u0635\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u06f1 – \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/span> \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 netstat -tunpl \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 PID \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

#ll \/proc\/<PID_Number>\/exe<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2 – \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 RAM \u0648 Swap \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/span> \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 RAM \u0648 Swap \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 free -g \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 top \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a live \u062f\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3 – \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f CPU \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/span> \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cat \/proc\/cpuinfo \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634\u06af\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f core cpu \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/span><\/p>\n

#cat \/proc\/cpuinfo | grep -c ‘model name’<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 lscpu \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f cpu \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/a><\/p>\n

\u06f4 – \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 Load Average \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/span> \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc top\u060c htop \u0648 uptime \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 load average \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

load average: 1.05, 0.70, 5.09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0686\u067e \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646 load \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06f1 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647\u060c \u06f5 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u0648 \u06f1\u06f5 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f cpu \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06f1\u06f0\u06f0 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0645. \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 cpu \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f: \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u06f5 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 load \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06f0.\u06f5 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a waiting \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u06f5 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u06f3\u06f0 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f cpu \u0628\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u06f1\u06f5 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u06f4\u06f0\u06f9 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06f4.\u06f0\u06f9 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a waiting \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646 cpu \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f cpu \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u06f6.\u06f0\u06f3 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 cpu \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u06f5\u06f0\u06f3 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06f8 \u0639\u062f\u062f cpu \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u06f2\u06f9\u06f7 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f5 – \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/span> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cat \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc more \u0648 less \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 less \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 more \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 load \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0634\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 more \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

#cat \/etc\/finename.txt | less<\/span><\/p>\n

#less \/etc\/finename.txt<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f6 – \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/span> \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0645:<\/span><\/p>\n

#cat \/etc\/*release<\/span><\/p>\n

#cat \/proc\/version<\/span><\/p>\n

#uname -a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f7 – \u0622\u06cc\u0627 init \u0648 systemd \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f init \u06cc\u06a9 system and service manager \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f0 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f systemd \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 init \u0634\u062f \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u06cc init \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u0631 systemd \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 <\/a><\/span>\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f8 – \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc SIGTERM \u0648 SIGKILL \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 kill \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f5 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 kill \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 SIGTERM \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 exit \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 safe \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u06f9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc SIGKILL\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c exit \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f5 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#kill -9 13260<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f9 – \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 killall \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 PID \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc kill \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 killall \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#killall -9 nginx<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f0 – \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 Z \u0648 D \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 state \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 top \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 kill \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u062d\u0631\u0641 Z \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc zombie \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 entry \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u062d\u0631\u0641 D \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc uninterruptible sleep \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a input\/output \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9. \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 kill \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f1 – \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 pkill \u0628\u0627 killall \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 pkill \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f. \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 \u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645 match \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0627 kill \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#pkill -9 apache<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f2 – \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 CPU \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 priority \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 cpu \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 top \u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 NI \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06f2\u06f0- \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f9 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 nice \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 renice \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#nice -n 10 apt-get upgrade<\/span><\/p>\n

#renice -10 -p 22678<\/span><\/p>\n

#nice -n 5 tar -czf backup.tar.gz \/root\/*<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f3 – \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 PR \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 top \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 NI \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 NI \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 PR \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 PR = 20 + NI . \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u062a PR \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 cpu \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 cpu \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 NI \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f4 – \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 File Descriptors \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 file descriptor \u06cc\u0627 FD \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 FD \u0631\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0647 FD \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f5 – \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 stdin\u060c stdout \u0648 stderr \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0647 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 standard input \u06cc\u0627 stdin \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 standard output \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 stdout \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f stdout \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 standard error \u06cc\u0627 stderr \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 FD \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc stdin=0 \u0648 stdout=1 \u0648 stderr=2 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f6 – \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 Redirection \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f device \u0647\u0627\u06cc stdin\/stdout \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 stdin \u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc stdout \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 redirection \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#du -h > text.txt<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645:<\/span><\/p>\n

#mail -s “Hello” info@actobit.com < email.txt<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f7 – Pipe \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 (stdout) \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 (stdin) \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 pipe \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a | \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f8 – \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 xargs \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:\u00a0\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 pipe \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#echo ‘one two three’ | xargs mkdir<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 xargs \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 find \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 find \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0634\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 xargs \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a example \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0637 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 xargs \u062e\u0637\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a example \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

#find . -type f | xargs grep “example”<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f9 – \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 tee \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:\u00a0\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 (stdout) \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 tee \u0628\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#df -h | tee \/root\/df.log<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2\u06f0 – \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:\u00a0\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 grep \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 Global regular expression print \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#grep omid \/etc\/passwd<\/span><\/p>\n

#cat \/etc\/passwd | grep omid<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2\u06f1 – \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 owner \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chown \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#chown omid:finance main.txt<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f omid \u0646\u0627\u0645 owner \u0648 finance \u0646\u0627\u0645 group \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2\u06f2 – \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 permission \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ls -l \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 rwxrwxrwx- \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f. \u062e\u0637 \u062a\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0637 \u062a\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0641 d \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0642\u06cc \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06f3 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u06f3 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0686\u067e\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06f3 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc owner \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u06f3 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc group \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc others \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a r \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 read \u0648 w \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 write \u0648 x \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 execute \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 r\u060c w \u0648 x \u062e\u0637 \u062a\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc permission \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc r \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u06f4\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc w \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u06f2 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc x \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u06f1. \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#chmod 777 main.txt<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0647 owner \u0648 group \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 others \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 read \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u06f7\u06f7\u06f4 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2\u06f3 – \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 cron \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0686\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 time-based job scheduler \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0645 crontab \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 etc\/ \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2\u06f4 – \u0641\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 crontab \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/span> \u0641\u0631\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a: <\/span><\/p>\n

MIN HOUR DOM MON DOW CMD<\/span><\/p>\n

MIN –> Minute field –> 0-59<\/span><\/p>\n

Hour –> Hour field –> 0-23<\/span><\/p>\n

DOM –> Day of Month –> 1-31<\/span><\/p>\n

MON –> Month field –> 1-12<\/span><\/p>\n

DOW –> Day of Week –> 0-6<\/span><\/p>\n

CMD –> Command –> Any command to be execute<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2\u06f5 – \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 DAC \u0648 MAC \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 DAC \u06cc\u0627 Discretionary Access Control \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c owner \u06cc\u06a9 resource \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 resource \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc DAC \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 MAC \u06cc\u0627 Mandatory Access Control \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 owner. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc user \u0647\u0627 \u0648 resource \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 label \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 resource\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0622\u0646 resource \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0634 MAC \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 SELinux<\/a> <\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2\u06f6 – \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06a9\u06cc\u062c \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u06cc redhat<\/span><\/a> based \u0627\u0632 rpm \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06a9\u06cc\u062c \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 debian based<\/span><\/a> \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 dpkg \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0635\u0628\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 query \u0632\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u067e\u0633 \u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 rpm \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 redhat based \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f CentOS<\/span> <\/a>\u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 dpkg \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 debian based \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f Ubuntu<\/span> <\/a>\u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2\u06f7 – \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06a9\u06cc\u062c \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f. \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 grep \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#rpm -qa\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>#dpkg -l\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2\u06f8 – \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a Verifying \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06a9\u06cc\u062c \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u06a9\u06cc\u062c \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0633 \u067e\u06a9\u06cc\u062c \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0686\u0647 dependency \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc miss \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0644 \u067e\u06a9\u06cc\u062c \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#rpm -Va\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>#dpkg -Va<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06a9\u06cc\u062c \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/span><\/p>\n

#rpm -V telnet\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>#dpkg -V telnet<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

S –> File size differs.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u06f5 –> The MD5 checksum differs.<\/span><\/p>\n

M –> File mode differs.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 L –>\u00a0 A mismatch occurs in a link.<\/span><\/p>\n

U –> The file ownership differs.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 G –> The file group owner differs.<\/span><\/p>\n

D –> The major and minor version numbers differ on a device file.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 T –>\u00a0 The file time (mtime) differs.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f2\u06f9 – \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 uname \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645 hostname \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e release \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Linux IR-HA-01 5.3.0-29-generic #31-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 17 17:27:26 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU\/Linux<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3\u06f0 – \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 Hardening \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 root login\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0646 IPv6\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 IPTables\u060c Fail2ban\u060c SELinux \u0648 TCPWrappers<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3\u06f1 – \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 lshw \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0632 CPU \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627 RAM \u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3\u06f2 – \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#lshw -class disk -class storage<\/span><\/p>\n

#hdparm -I \/dev\/sda<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 ssd \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 hdd \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0645:<\/span><\/p>\n

#lsblk -o name,rota<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 rota \u0639\u062f\u062f \u06f0 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 ssd \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06f1 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 hdd \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0645:<\/span><\/p>\n

#time for i in `seq 1 1000`; do<\/span><\/p>\n

> dd bs=4k if=\/dev\/sda count=1 skip=$(( $RANDOM * 128 )) >\/dev\/null 2>&1;<\/span><\/p>\n

> done<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 speed test \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f2 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f ssd \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a hdd \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

SSD:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 HDD:<\/span><\/p>\n

real 0m1.375s\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0real 0m14.249s<\/span>
\nuser 0m0.285s\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 user 0m0.752s<\/span>
\nsys 0m0.944s\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 sys 0m6.284s<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3\u06f3 – \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 lsblk \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 list block \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 block device \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#lsblk -a<\/span><\/p>\n

sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk<\/span>
\n\u251c\u2500sda1 8:1 0 1M 0 part<\/span>
\n\u2514\u2500sda2 8:2 0 20G 0 part \/<\/span>
\nsdb 8:16 0 600G 0 disk<\/span>
\n\u2514\u2500sdb1 8:17 0 599.8G 0 part \/data<\/span>
\nsr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3\u06f4 –\u00a0 zombie process \u0647\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u06cc\u06a9 process \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0631\u064e\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 descriptor \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a EXIT-ZOMBIE \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 SIGCHLD \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 parent \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 parent \u06cc\u06a9 wait() system call \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a zombie \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 parent \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 wait() call \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a zombie \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc SIGCHLD \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc pid\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631 wait() call \u0631\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 SIGKILL \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 init \u06a9\u0647 PID \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06f1 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 parent \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 child \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u06cc wait() call \u0631\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#kill -s SIGCHLD pid<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 kill \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 PID \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f. \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0632 \u06f3\u06f2\u06f7\u06f6\u06f8 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

#vim \/proc\/sys\/kernel\/pid_max<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3\u06f5 –\u00a0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 curl \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 curl \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 Client for URLs \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0647 url\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0686 o- \u0628\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 T- \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u067e\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 I- \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 url \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 ftp \u06cc\u0627 proxy \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 authentication \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#curl -u username:password -T file.tar.gz ftp:\/\/ftp_server<\/span><\/p>\n

#xargs -n 1 curl -O < listurls.txt<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3\u06f6 –\u00a0 Runlevel \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u062f\u0631 SysVinit \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 Runlevel 5 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f Systemd \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0622\u0646 Runlevel5.target \u06cc\u0627 Graphical.target \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3\u06f7 –\u00a0 Single User Mode \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 Maintenance Mode \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 runlevel1 \u062f\u0631 SysVinit \u0648 rescue.target \u062f\u0631 Systemd \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0631\u062f root \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 fstab. \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f \u062f\u0631 CentOS \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 grub \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u06a9\u0645\u0647 e \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u06af\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a ro \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 F10 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/span><\/p>\n

rw init=\/sysroot\/bin\/sh<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646 single mode \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \/chroot \/sysroot \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 mount \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 reboot \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3\u06f8 –\u00a0 Grub \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: Boot Loader \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 Grand unified Bootloader \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 BIOS \u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 Master Boot Record \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u06f5\u06f1\u06f2 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06a9\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 Grub \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0645 Grub \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0633\u067e\u0633 MBR \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u0648 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0648 Boot Sector \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 ram \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0631\u062f. Grub \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f3\u06f9 –\u00a0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sed \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sed \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 stream editor \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0638\u0627\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u060c \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a unix \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 linux \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#sed ‘s\/unix\/linux\/g’ test.txt<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f4\u06f0 –\u00a0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 load \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 unload \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 recompile \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645. \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 \/lib\/modules\/ \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 lsmod \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 modprobe \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f4\u06f1 –\u00a0 Network Bonding \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0622\u0646 NIC Teaming \u0648 Link Aggregate \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

mode=0(balance-rr) – mode=1(active-backup) – mode=2(balance-xor) – mode=3(broadcast) – mode=4(802.3ad) – mode=5(balance-tlb) – mode=6(balance-alb)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f0 \u0648 \u06f2 \u0648 \u06f3 \u0648 \u06f4 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 logical switch \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f1 \u0648 \u06f5 \u0648 \u06f6 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0686 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 aggregate \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0686 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 logical switch \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

FailOver Only<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f active-backup \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc fail \u0634\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Require Switch Support<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc balance-rr \u0648 \u06f8\u06f0\u06f2.3ad \u0648 balance-xor \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0686 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Generic Modes<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f broadcast \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f balance-tlb \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc load balance \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f balance-alb \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc load balance \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0634 change MAC address \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0686 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06f8\u06f0\u06f2.3ad \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 LACP \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0686\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f load balance \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645 fault tolerance \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 balance-alb \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 replication \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062f balance-rr \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f4\u06f2 –\u00a0 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 Swap \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 RAM \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f. <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 swap \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 RAM \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 RAM \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u063a swap \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 swap \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0646 RAM \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 crash \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc RAM \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc swap \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 RAM \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 swap \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 RAM \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 2G \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06f2 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 2G \u062a\u0627 8G \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 8G \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 swap \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 8G \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 swap \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#swapon<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f4\u06f3 –\u00a0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 man \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0686 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 df \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#man df<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f4\u06f4 – \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 PWD \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 pwd \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 Print Working Directory \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f4\u06f5 – \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0686\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 du<\/a> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/span><\/p>\n

#du -h \/var<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc var\/ \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0646\u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f: (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06a9\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f)<\/span><\/p>\n

#du -h –max-depth 1 \/var<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f4\u06f6 – \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 df \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 df \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 disk free \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc mount \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

#df -h<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 filesystem \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 sda1. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 h- \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06af\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u06af\u0627\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f. \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a Mounted on \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 mount \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f4\u06f7 – \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 Toy Story \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 unstable \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u0645 sid \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u067e\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0686\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06a9 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06f4\u06f8 – \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a TTFB \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#seq 10 | xargs -n 1 \/root\/ttfb.sh https:\/\/actobit.com<\/p>\n

#vim \/root\/ttfb.sh<\/p>\n

#!\/bin\/bash
\n# file: ttfb.sh
\n# curl command to check the time to first byte
\n# ** usage **
\n# \u06f1. .\/ttfb.sh “https:\/\/google.com”
\n# \u06f2. seq 10 | xargs -Iz .\/ttfb.sh “https:\/\/google.com” or seq 10 | xargs -n 1 ttfb google.com<\/p>\n

curl -o \/dev\/null \\
\n-H ‘Cache-Control: no-cache’ \\
\n-A ‘Mozilla\/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:30.0) Gecko\/20100101 Firefox\/30.0’ \\
\n-s \\
\n-w “Connect: %{time_connect} TTFB: %{time_starttransfer} Total time: %{time_total} \\n” \\
\n$\u06f1<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06f1\u06f0 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u06f4\u06f9 – \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u06cc \u067e\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 cmd<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: <\/span>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06af\u0631 \u0622\u06cc \u067e\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u062f\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 what is my ip address \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 command \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

#curl ifconfig.me<\/p>\n

\u06f5\u06f0- \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u06a9\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 jpeg \u0628\u0647 jpg \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

#rename “s\/jpeg$\/jpg\/” *.jpeg<\/p>\n

\u06f5\u06f1- \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u06a9\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f png \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

#find .\/ -type f -name “*.png”<\/p>\n

\u06f5\u06f2- \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u06a9\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f gif \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 jpg \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

#mogrify -format jpg *.gif<\/p>\n

\u06f5\u06f3- \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06cc\u0648\u0632\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/span><\/p>\n

#useradd actobit<\/p>\n

\u06f5\u06f4- \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0632\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/span><\/p>\n

#passwd actobit<\/p>\n

\u06f5\u06f5- \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 home directory \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/span><\/p>\n

#usermod -d \/newhome\/actobit\u00a0actobit<\/p>\n

\u06f5\u06f6- \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

#find \/actobit\/actomag\/Content\/seo\/Himg -type f -printf ‘%p\\n’ > \/root\/himg.txt<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633   \u06f1 – \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u061f \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e: \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 netstat -tunpl \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 PID \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1417,"featured_media":2738,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[130,151,191],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2737","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-training","category-os","category-linux"],"yoast_head":"\n\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627: \u0635\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 100 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645. \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627: \u0635\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 100 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645. \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u062a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-07-01T04:55:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-05T13:26:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/linux-100q.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"836\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"470\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0646\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@acto_bit\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@acto_bit\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0646\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"30 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0646\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/#\/schema\/person\/373a1606772afbdbc09b93f7b2e5a95e\"},\"headline\":\"\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627: \u0635\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-07-01T04:55:57+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-05T13:26:34+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/\"},\"wordCount\":1059,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/linux-100q.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\",\"\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 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\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/linux-100q.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-07-01T04:55:57+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-05T13:26:34+00:00\",\"description\":\"\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 100 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645. \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/1399\/top-100-linux-questions\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/linux-100q.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/actobit.com\/actomag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/linux-100q.jpg\",\"width\":836,\"height\":470,\"caption\":\"\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 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